Merge pull request #37 from acw/warning-clean

Clean some warnings and add some basic CI.

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: Rust
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ "develop", "ci" ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ "develop" ]
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+        rust: [stable]
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - name: Install toolchain
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+        default: true
+        override: true
+    - name: Format Check
+      run: cargo fmt --check
+    - name: Build
+      run: cargo build
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: cargo test

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 [package]
 name = "simple_asn1"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.6.3"
 authors = ["Adam Wick <awick@uhsure.com>"]
 description = "A simple DER/ASN.1 encoding/decoding library."
 categories = ["encoding"]
 keywords = ["ASN1","encoding","DER"]
-license-file = "LICENSE"
+license = "ISC"
 repository = "https://github.com/acw/simple_asn1"
 edition = "2018"
 
 [dependencies]
-chrono     = "^0.4.0"
-num-bigint = "^0.2.0"
-num-traits = "^0.2.0"
+num-bigint = { default-features = false, version = "0.4" }
+num-traits = { default-features = false, version = "0.2" }
+thiserror  = { default-features = false, version = "2" }
+time       = { default-features = false, version = "0.3", features = ["formatting", "macros", "parsing"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-quickcheck = "^0.7.1"
-rand = "0.5.5"
+quickcheck = "1.0.3"
+rand = "0.8.4"
+time = { default-features = false, version = "0.3", features = ["formatting", "macros", "parsing", "quickcheck"] }

src/lib.rs

@@ -26,15 +26,16 @@
 //!
 //! Please send any bug reports, patches, and curses to the GitHub repository
 //! at <code>https://github.com/acw/simple_asn1</code>.
-use chrono::{DateTime, TimeZone, Utc};
 pub use num_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint};
 use num_traits::{FromPrimitive, One, ToPrimitive, Zero};
 #[cfg(test)]
 use quickcheck::quickcheck;
-use std::fmt;
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 use std::mem::size_of;
 use std::str::Utf8Error;
+use thiserror::Error;
+use time::PrimitiveDateTime;
 
 /// An ASN.1 block class.
 ///
@@ -77,8 +78,8 @@ pub enum ASN1Block {
     PrintableString(usize, String),
     TeletexString(usize, String),
     IA5String(usize, String),
-    UTCTime(usize, DateTime<Utc>),
-    GeneralizedTime(usize, DateTime<Utc>),
+    UTCTime(usize, PrimitiveDateTime),
+    GeneralizedTime(usize, PrimitiveDateTime),
     UniversalString(usize, String),
     BMPString(usize, String),
     Sequence(usize, Vec<ASN1Block>),
@@ -101,50 +102,49 @@ impl ASN1Block {
     /// Get the class associated with the given ASN1Block, regardless of what
     /// kind of block it is.
     pub fn class(&self) -> ASN1Class {
-        match self {
-            &ASN1Block::Boolean(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::Integer(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::BitString(_, _, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::OctetString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::Null(_) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::IA5String(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::BMPString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::Sequence(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::Set(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
-            &ASN1Block::Explicit(c, _, _, _) => c,
-            &ASN1Block::Unknown(c, _, _, _, _) => c,
+        match *self {
+            ASN1Block::Boolean(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::Integer(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::BitString(_, _, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::OctetString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::Null(_) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::IA5String(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::BMPString(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::Sequence(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::Set(_, _) => ASN1Class::Universal,
+            ASN1Block::Explicit(c, _, _, _) => c,
+            ASN1Block::Unknown(c, _, _, _, _) => c,
         }
     }
-
     /// Get the starting offset associated with the given ASN1Block, regardless
     /// of what kind of block it is.
     pub fn offset(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            &ASN1Block::Boolean(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Integer(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::BitString(o, _, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::OctetString(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Null(o) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::UTF8String(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::PrintableString(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::TeletexString(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::IA5String(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::UTCTime(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::UniversalString(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::BMPString(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Sequence(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Set(o, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Explicit(_, o, _, _) => o,
-            &ASN1Block::Unknown(_, _, o, _, _) => o,
+        match *self {
+            ASN1Block::Boolean(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Integer(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::BitString(o, _, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::OctetString(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Null(o) => o,
+            ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::UTF8String(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::PrintableString(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::TeletexString(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::IA5String(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::UTCTime(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::UniversalString(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::BMPString(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Sequence(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Set(o, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Explicit(_, o, _, _) => o,
+            ASN1Block::Unknown(_, _, o, _, _) => o,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -152,34 +152,34 @@ impl ASN1Block {
 impl PartialEq for ASN1Block {
     fn eq(&self, other: &ASN1Block) -> bool {
         match (self, other) {
-            (&ASN1Block::Boolean(_, a1), &ASN1Block::Boolean(_, a2)) => (a1 == a2),
-            (&ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
+            (&ASN1Block::Boolean(_, a1), &ASN1Block::Boolean(_, a2)) => a1 == a2,
+            (&ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
             (&ASN1Block::BitString(_, a1, ref b1), &ASN1Block::BitString(_, a2, ref b2)) => {
                 (a1 == a2) && (b1 == b2)
             }
-            (&ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
+            (&ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
             (&ASN1Block::Null(_), &ASN1Block::Null(_)) => true,
             (&ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, ref a2)) => {
                 a1 == a2
             }
-            (&ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
+            (&ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
             (&ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, ref a2)) => {
                 a1 == a2
             }
             (&ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, ref a2)) => {
                 a1 == a2
             }
-            (&ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
-            (&ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
+            (&ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
+            (&ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
             (&ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, ref a2)) => {
                 a1 == a2
             }
             (&ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, ref a2)) => {
                 a1 == a2
             }
-            (&ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
-            (&ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
-            (&ASN1Block::Set(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Set(_, ref a2)) => (a1 == a2),
+            (&ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
+            (&ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
+            (&ASN1Block::Set(_, ref a1), &ASN1Block::Set(_, ref a2)) => a1 == a2,
             (
                 &ASN1Block::Explicit(a1, _, ref b1, ref c1),
                 &ASN1Block::Explicit(a2, _, ref b2, ref c2),
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl PartialEq for ASN1Block {
 }
 
 /// An ASN.1 OID.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct OID(Vec<BigUint>);
 
 impl OID {
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl OID {
                 // now we can build all the rest of the body
                 let mut body = vec![byte1];
                 for num in self.0.iter().skip(2) {
-                    let mut local = encode_base127(&num);
+                    let mut local = encode_base127(num);
                     body.append(&mut local);
                 }
 
@@ -241,6 +241,19 @@ impl OID {
             _ => Err(ASN1EncodeErr::ObjectIdentHasTooFewFields),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn as_vec<'a, T: TryFrom<&'a BigUint>>(&'a self) -> Result<Vec<T>, ASN1DecodeErr> {
+        let mut vec = Vec::new();
+        for val in self.0.iter() {
+            let ul = match T::try_from(val) {
+                Ok(a) => a,
+                Err(_) => return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::Overflow),
+            };
+            vec.push(ul);
+        }
+
+        Ok(vec)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a> PartialEq<OID> for &'a OID {
@@ -269,88 +282,58 @@ impl<'a> PartialEq<OID> for &'a OID {
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! oid {
     ( $( $e: expr ),* ) => {{
-        let mut res = Vec::new();
-
-        $(
-            res.push(BigUint::from($e as u64));
-        )*
-        OID::new(res)
+        $crate::OID::new(vec![$($crate::BigUint::from($e as u64)),*])
     }};
 }
 
-const PRINTABLE_CHARS: &'static str =
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'()+,-./:=? ";
+const PRINTABLE_CHARS: &str =
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'()+,-./:=? ";
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+const KNOWN_TAGS: &[u8] = &[
+    0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x10, 0x11, 0x13, 0x14, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x1c, 0x1e,
+];
 
 /// An error that can arise decoding ASN.1 primitive blocks.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Error, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ASN1DecodeErr {
+    #[error("Encountered an empty buffer decoding ASN1 block.")]
     EmptyBuffer,
+    #[error("Bad length field in boolean block: {0}")]
     BadBooleanLength(usize),
+    #[error("Length field too large for object type: {0}")]
     LengthTooLarge(usize),
+    #[error("UTF8 string failed to properly decode: {0}")]
     UTF8DecodeFailure(Utf8Error),
+    #[error("Printable string failed to properly decode.")]
     PrintableStringDecodeFailure,
+    #[error("Invalid date value: {0}")]
     InvalidDateValue(String),
+    #[error("Invalid length of bit string: {0}")]
     InvalidBitStringLength(isize),
     /// Not a valid ASN.1 class
+    #[error("Invalid class value: {0}")]
     InvalidClass(u8),
     /// Expected more input
     ///
     /// Invalid ASN.1 input can lead to this error.
+    #[error("Incomplete data or invalid ASN1")]
     Incomplete,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ASN1DecodeErr {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            ASN1DecodeErr::EmptyBuffer => {
-                write!(f, "Encountered an empty buffer decoding ASN1 block.")
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::BadBooleanLength(x) => {
-                write!(f, "Bad length field in boolean block: {}", x)
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::LengthTooLarge(x) => {
-                write!(f, "Length field too large for object type: {}", x)
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::UTF8DecodeFailure(x) => {
-                write!(f, "UTF8 string failed to properly decode: {}", x)
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::PrintableStringDecodeFailure => {
-                write!(f, "Printable string failed to properly decode.")
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidDateValue(x) => write!(f, "Invalid date value: {}", x),
-            ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidBitStringLength(i) => {
-                write!(f, "Invalid length of bit string: {}", i)
-            }
-            ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidClass(i) => write!(f, "Invalid class value: {}", i),
-            ASN1DecodeErr::Incomplete => write!(f, "Incomplete data or invalid ASN1"),
-        }
-    }
+    #[error("Value overflow")]
+    Overflow,
 }
 
 /// An error that can arise encoding ASN.1 primitive blocks.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Error, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ASN1EncodeErr {
+    #[error("ASN1 object identifier has too few fields.")]
     ObjectIdentHasTooFewFields,
+    #[error("First value in ASN1 OID is too big.")]
     ObjectIdentVal1TooLarge,
+    #[error("Second value in ASN1 OID is too big.")]
     ObjectIdentVal2TooLarge,
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for ASN1EncodeErr {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            ASN1EncodeErr::ObjectIdentHasTooFewFields => {
-                write!(f, "ASN1 object identifier has too few fields.")
-            }
-            ASN1EncodeErr::ObjectIdentVal1TooLarge => {
-                write!(f, "First value in ASN1 OID is too big.")
-            }
-            ASN1EncodeErr::ObjectIdentVal2TooLarge => {
-                write!(f, "Second value in ASN1 OID is too big.")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Translate a binary blob into a series of `ASN1Block`s, or provide an
 /// error if it didn't work.
 pub fn from_der(i: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1DecodeErr> {
@@ -377,20 +360,17 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
         if class != ASN1Class::Universal {
             if constructed {
                 // Try to read as explicitly tagged
-                match from_der_(body, start_offset + index) {
-                    Ok(mut items) => {
-                        if items.len() == 1 {
-                            result.push(ASN1Block::Explicit(
-                                class,
-                                soff,
-                                tag,
-                                Box::new(items.remove(0)),
-                            ));
-                            index += len;
-                            continue;
-                        }
+                if let Ok(mut items) = from_der_(body, start_offset + index) {
+                    if items.len() == 1 {
+                        result.push(ASN1Block::Explicit(
+                            class,
+                            soff,
+                            tag,
+                            Box::new(items.remove(0)),
+                        ));
+                        index += len;
+                        continue;
                     }
-                    Err(_) => {}
                 }
             }
             result.push(ASN1Block::Unknown(
@@ -415,11 +395,11 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
             }
             // INTEGER
             Some(0x02) => {
-                let res = BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(&body);
+                let res = BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(body);
                 result.push(ASN1Block::Integer(soff, res));
             }
             // BIT STRING
-            Some(0x03) if body.len() == 0 => result.push(ASN1Block::BitString(soff, 0, Vec::new())),
+            Some(0x03) if body.is_empty() => result.push(ASN1Block::BitString(soff, 0, Vec::new())),
             Some(0x03) => {
                 let bits = (&body[1..]).to_vec();
                 let bitcount = bits.len() * 8;
@@ -442,7 +422,7 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
             // OBJECT IDENTIFIER
             Some(0x06) => {
                 let mut value1 = BigUint::zero();
-                if body.len() == 0 {
+                if body.is_empty() {
                     return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::Incomplete);
                 }
                 let mut value2 = BigUint::from_u8(body[0]).unwrap();
@@ -452,10 +432,10 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
                 if body[0] >= 40 {
                     if body[0] < 80 {
                         value1 = BigUint::one();
-                        value2 = value2 - BigUint::from_u8(40).unwrap();
+                        value2 -= BigUint::from_u8(40).unwrap();
                     } else {
                         value1 = BigUint::from_u8(2).unwrap();
-                        value2 = value2 - BigUint::from_u8(80).unwrap();
+                        value2 -= BigUint::from_u8(80).unwrap();
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -515,7 +495,34 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
                 }
 
                 let v = String::from_iter(body.iter().map(|x| *x as char));
-                match Utc.datetime_from_str(&v, "%y%m%d%H%M%SZ") {
+
+                let y = match v.get(0..2) {
+                    Some(yy) => yy,
+                    None => {
+                        // This wasn't a valid character boundrary.
+                        return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidDateValue(v));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let y_prefix = match y.parse::<u8>() {
+                    Err(_) => return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidDateValue(v)),
+                    Ok(y) => {
+                        if y >= 50 {
+                            "19"
+                        } else {
+                            "20"
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let v = format!("{}{}", y_prefix, v);
+
+                let format = time::format_description::parse(
+                    "[year][month][day][hour repr:24][minute][second]Z",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+
+                match PrimitiveDateTime::parse(&v, &format) {
                     Err(_) => return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidDateValue(v)),
                     Ok(t) => result.push(ASN1Block::UTCTime(soff, t)),
                 }
@@ -542,7 +549,13 @@ fn from_der_(i: &[u8], start_offset: usize) -> Result<Vec<ASN1Block>, ASN1Decode
                     let idx = v.len() - 1;
                     v.insert(idx, '0');
                 }
-                match Utc.datetime_from_str(&v, "%Y%m%d%H%M%S.%fZ") {
+
+                let format = time::format_description::parse(
+                    "[year][month][day][hour repr:24][minute][second].[subsecond]Z",
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+
+                match PrimitiveDateTime::parse(&v, &format) {
                     Err(_) => return Err(ASN1DecodeErr::InvalidDateValue(v)),
                     Ok(t) => result.push(ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(soff, t)),
                 }
@@ -665,9 +678,9 @@ fn decode_length(i: &[u8], index: &mut usize) -> Result<usize, ASN1DecodeErr> {
 /// Given an `ASN1Block`, covert it to its DER encoding, or return an error
 /// if something broke along the way.
 pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
-    match i {
+    match *i {
         // BOOLEAN
-        &ASN1Block::Boolean(_, val) => {
+        ASN1Block::Boolean(_, val) => {
             let inttag = BigUint::one();
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(ASN1Class::Universal, false, &inttag);
             tagbytes.push(1);
@@ -675,7 +688,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             Ok(tagbytes)
         }
         // INTEGER
-        &ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref int) => {
+        ASN1Block::Integer(_, ref int) => {
             let mut base = int.to_signed_bytes_be();
             let mut lenbytes = encode_len(base.len());
             let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(0x02).unwrap();
@@ -688,7 +701,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             Ok(result)
         }
         // BIT STRING
-        &ASN1Block::BitString(_, bits, ref vs) => {
+        ASN1Block::BitString(_, bits, ref vs) => {
             let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(0x03).unwrap();
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(ASN1Class::Universal, false, &inttag);
 
@@ -708,7 +721,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             }
         }
         // OCTET STRING
-        &ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref bytes) => {
+        ASN1Block::OctetString(_, ref bytes) => {
             let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(0x04).unwrap();
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(ASN1Class::Universal, false, &inttag);
             let mut lenbytes = encode_len(bytes.len());
@@ -720,14 +733,14 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             Ok(result)
         }
         // NULL
-        &ASN1Block::Null(_) => {
+        ASN1Block::Null(_) => {
             let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(0x05).unwrap();
             let mut result = encode_tag(ASN1Class::Universal, false, &inttag);
             result.push(0);
             Ok(result)
         }
         // OBJECT IDENTIFIER
-        &ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, OID(ref nums)) => {
+        ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(_, OID(ref nums)) => {
             match (nums.get(0), nums.get(1)) {
                 (Some(v1), Some(v2)) => {
                     let two = BigUint::from_u8(2).unwrap();
@@ -754,7 +767,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
                     // now we can build all the rest of the body
                     let mut body = vec![byte1];
                     for num in nums.iter().skip(2) {
-                        let mut local = encode_base127(&num);
+                        let mut local = encode_base127(num);
                         body.append(&mut local);
                     }
 
@@ -772,7 +785,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             }
         }
         // SEQUENCE
-        &ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref items) => {
+        ASN1Block::Sequence(_, ref items) => {
             let mut body = Vec::new();
 
             // put all the subsequences into a block
@@ -794,7 +807,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             Ok(res)
         }
         // SET
-        &ASN1Block::Set(_, ref items) => {
+        ASN1Block::Set(_, ref items) => {
             let mut body = Vec::new();
 
             // put all the subsequences into a block
@@ -815,8 +828,13 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             res.append(&mut body);
             Ok(res)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref time) => {
-            let mut body = time.format("%y%m%d%H%M%SZ").to_string().into_bytes();
+        ASN1Block::UTCTime(_, ref time) => {
+            let format = time::format_description::parse(
+                "[year][month][day][hour repr:24][minute][second]Z",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            let mut body = time.format(&format).unwrap().into_bytes();
+            body.drain(0..2);
             let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(0x17).unwrap();
             let mut lenbytes = encode_len(body.len());
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(ASN1Class::Universal, false, &inttag);
@@ -827,8 +845,12 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             res.append(&mut body);
             Ok(res)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, ref time) => {
-            let base = time.format("%Y%m%d%H%M%S.%f").to_string();
+        ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(_, ref time) => {
+            let format = time::format_description::parse(
+                "[year][month][day][hour repr:24][minute][second].[subsecond]",
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            let base = time.format(&format).unwrap();
             let zclear = base.trim_end_matches('0');
             let dclear = zclear.trim_end_matches('.');
             let mut body = format!("{}Z", dclear).into_bytes();
@@ -843,25 +865,25 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             res.append(&mut body);
             Ok(res)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::UTF8String(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x0c, false, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::PrintableString(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x13, true, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::TeletexString(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x14, false, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::UniversalString(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x1c, false, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::IA5String(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x16, true, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref str) => {
+        ASN1Block::BMPString(_, ref str) => {
             encode_asn1_string(0x1e, false, ASN1Class::Universal, str)
         }
-        &ASN1Block::Explicit(class, _, ref tag, ref item) => {
+        ASN1Block::Explicit(class, _, ref tag, ref item) => {
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(class, true, tag);
             let mut bytes = to_der(item)?;
             let mut lenbytes = encode_len(bytes.len());
@@ -873,7 +895,7 @@ pub fn to_der(i: &ASN1Block) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
             Ok(res)
         }
         // Unknown blocks
-        &ASN1Block::Unknown(class, c, _, ref tag, ref bytes) => {
+        ASN1Block::Unknown(class, c, _, ref tag, ref bytes) => {
             let mut tagbytes = encode_tag(class, c, tag);
             let mut lenbytes = encode_len(bytes.len());
 
@@ -890,7 +912,7 @@ fn encode_asn1_string(
     tag: u8,
     force_chars: bool,
     c: ASN1Class,
-    s: &String,
+    s: &str,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ASN1EncodeErr> {
     let mut body = {
         if force_chars {
@@ -901,7 +923,7 @@ fn encode_asn1_string(
             }
             out
         } else {
-            s.clone().into_bytes()
+            s.to_string().into_bytes()
         }
     };
     let inttag = BigUint::from_u8(tag).unwrap();
@@ -951,7 +973,7 @@ fn encode_base127(v: &BigUint) -> Vec<u8> {
     while acc > zero {
         // we build this vector backwards
         let digit = &acc % &u128;
-        acc = acc >> 7;
+        acc >>= 7;
 
         match digit.to_u8() {
             None => panic!("7 bits don't fit into 8, cause ..."),
@@ -983,7 +1005,7 @@ fn encode_len(x: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
         // convert this into bytes, backwards
         while work > 0 {
             bstr.push(work as u8);
-            work = work >> 8;
+            work >>= 8;
         }
 
         // encode the front of the length
@@ -1034,7 +1056,7 @@ impl<T: FromASN1> FromASN1WithBody for T {
 /// is a member of `FromASN1` or `FromASN1WithBody`.
 pub fn der_decode<T: FromASN1WithBody>(v: &[u8]) -> Result<T, T::Error> {
     let vs = from_der(v)?;
-    T::from_asn1_with_body(&vs, v).and_then(|(a, _)| Ok(a))
+    T::from_asn1_with_body(&vs, v).map(|(a, _)| a)
 }
 
 /// The set of types that can automatically converted into a sequence
@@ -1054,7 +1076,7 @@ pub trait ToASN1 {
 /// Automatically encode a type into binary via DER encoding, assuming
 /// that the type is a member of `ToASN1`.
 pub fn der_encode<T: ToASN1>(v: &T) -> Result<Vec<u8>, T::Error> {
-    let blocks = T::to_asn1(&v)?;
+    let blocks = T::to_asn1(v)?;
     let mut res = Vec::new();
 
     for block in blocks {
@@ -1070,15 +1092,14 @@ pub fn der_encode<T: ToASN1>(v: &T) -> Result<Vec<u8>, T::Error> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use chrono::offset::LocalResult;
     use quickcheck::{Arbitrary, Gen};
-    use rand::{distributions::Standard, Rng};
     use std::fs::File;
     use std::io::Read;
+    use time::{Date, Month, Time};
 
     impl Arbitrary for ASN1Class {
-        fn arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G) -> ASN1Class {
-            match g.gen::<u8>() % 4 {
+        fn arbitrary(g: &mut Gen) -> ASN1Class {
+            match u8::arbitrary(g) % 4 {
                 0 => ASN1Class::Private,
                 1 => ASN1Class::ContextSpecific,
                 2 => ASN1Class::Universal,
@@ -1104,8 +1125,8 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     impl Arbitrary for RandomUint {
-        fn arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G) -> RandomUint {
-            let v = BigUint::from_u32(g.gen::<u32>()).unwrap();
+        fn arbitrary(g: &mut Gen) -> RandomUint {
+            let v = BigUint::from_u32(u32::arbitrary(g)).unwrap();
             RandomUint { x: v }
         }
     }
@@ -1134,54 +1155,64 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     impl Arbitrary for RandomInt {
-        fn arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G) -> RandomInt {
-            let v = BigInt::from_i64(g.gen::<i64>()).unwrap();
+        fn arbitrary(g: &mut Gen) -> RandomInt {
+            let v = BigInt::from_i64(i64::arbitrary(g)).unwrap();
             RandomInt { x: v }
         }
     }
 
     #[allow(type_alias_bounds)]
-    type ASN1BlockGen<G: Gen> = fn(&mut G, usize) -> ASN1Block;
+    type ASN1BlockGen = fn(&mut Gen, usize) -> ASN1Block;
 
-    fn arb_boolean<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let v = g.gen::<bool>();
+    fn arb_boolean(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let v = bool::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::Boolean(0, v)
     }
 
-    fn arb_integer<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_integer(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let d = RandomInt::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::Integer(0, d.x)
     }
 
-    fn arb_bitstr<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let size = g.gen::<u16>() as usize % 16;
+    fn arb_bitstr(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let size = u16::arbitrary(g) as usize % 16;
         let maxbits = (size as usize) * 8;
-        let modbits = g.gen::<u8>() as usize % 8;
+        let modbits = u8::arbitrary(g) as usize % 8;
         let nbits = if modbits > maxbits {
             maxbits
         } else {
             maxbits - modbits
         };
-        let bytes = g.sample_iter::<u8, _>(&Standard).take(size).collect();
+
+        let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+        while bytes.len() < size {
+            bytes.push(u8::arbitrary(g));
+        }
+
         ASN1Block::BitString(0, nbits, bytes)
     }
 
-    fn arb_octstr<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let size = g.gen::<u16>() as usize % 16;
-        let bytes = g.sample_iter::<u8, _>(&Standard).take(size).collect();
+    fn arb_octstr(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let size = usize::arbitrary(g) % 16;
+        let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+
+        while bytes.len() < size {
+            bytes.push(u8::arbitrary(g));
+        }
+
         ASN1Block::OctetString(0, bytes)
     }
 
-    fn arb_null<G: Gen>(_g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_null(_g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         ASN1Block::Null(0)
     }
 
     impl Arbitrary for OID {
-        fn arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G) -> OID {
-            let count = g.gen_range::<usize>(0, 40);
-            let val1 = g.gen::<u8>() % 3;
+        fn arbitrary(g: &mut Gen) -> OID {
+            let count = usize::arbitrary(g) % 40;
+            let val1 = u8::arbitrary(g) % 3;
             let v2mod = if val1 == 2 { 176 } else { 40 };
-            let val2 = g.gen::<u8>() % v2mod;
+            let val2 = u8::arbitrary(g) % v2mod;
             let v1 = BigUint::from_u8(val1).unwrap();
             let v2 = BigUint::from_u8(val2).unwrap();
             let mut nums = vec![v1, v2];
@@ -1195,13 +1226,13 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    fn arb_objid<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_objid(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let oid = OID::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::ObjectIdentifier(0, oid)
     }
 
-    fn arb_seq<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let count = g.gen_range::<usize>(1, 64);
+    fn arb_seq(g: &mut Gen, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let count = usize::arbitrary(g) % 63 + 1;
         let mut items = Vec::new();
 
         for _ in 0..count {
@@ -1211,8 +1242,8 @@ mod tests {
         ASN1Block::Sequence(0, items)
     }
 
-    fn arb_set<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let count = g.gen_range::<usize>(1, 64);
+    fn arb_set(g: &mut Gen, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let count = usize::arbitrary(g) % 63 + 1;
         let mut items = Vec::new();
 
         for _ in 0..count {
@@ -1222,89 +1253,85 @@ mod tests {
         ASN1Block::Set(0, items)
     }
 
-    fn arb_print<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let count = g.gen_range::<usize>(0, 384);
+    fn arb_print(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let count = usize::arbitrary(g) % 384;
         let mut items = Vec::new();
 
         for _ in 0..count {
-            let v = g.choose(PRINTABLE_CHARS.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-            items.push(*v as char);
+            let v = g.choose(PRINTABLE_CHARS.as_bytes());
+            items.push(*v.unwrap() as char);
         }
 
         ASN1Block::PrintableString(0, String::from_iter(items.iter()))
     }
 
-    fn arb_ia5<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let count = g.gen_range::<usize>(0, 384);
+    fn arb_ia5(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let count = usize::arbitrary(g) % 384;
         let mut items = Vec::new();
 
         for _ in 0..count {
-            items.push(g.gen::<u8>() as char);
+            items.push(u8::arbitrary(g) as char);
         }
 
         ASN1Block::IA5String(0, String::from_iter(items.iter()))
     }
 
-    fn arb_utf8<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_utf8(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let val = String::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::UTF8String(0, val)
     }
 
-    fn arb_tele<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_tele(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let val = String::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::TeletexString(0, val)
     }
 
-    fn arb_uni<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_uni(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let val = String::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::UniversalString(0, val)
     }
 
-    fn arb_bmp<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_bmp(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let val = String::arbitrary(g);
         ASN1Block::BMPString(0, val)
     }
 
-    fn arb_utc<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        loop {
-            let y = g.gen_range::<i32>(1970, 2069);
-            let m = g.gen_range::<u32>(1, 13);
-            let d = g.gen_range::<u32>(1, 32);
-            match Utc.ymd_opt(y, m, d) {
-                LocalResult::None => {}
-                LocalResult::Single(d) => {
-                    let h = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 24);
-                    let m = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 60);
-                    let s = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 60);
-                    let t = d.and_hms(h, m, s);
-                    return ASN1Block::UTCTime(0, t);
-                }
-                LocalResult::Ambiguous(_, _) => {}
-            }
-        }
+    fn arb_utc(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let min = Date::from_calendar_date(1950, Month::January, 01)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_julian_day();
+        let max = Date::from_calendar_date(2049, Month::December, 31)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_julian_day();
+        let date =
+            Date::from_julian_day(i32::arbitrary(g).rem_euclid(max - min + 1) + min).unwrap();
+
+        let h = u8::arbitrary(g).rem_euclid(24);
+        let m = u8::arbitrary(g).rem_euclid(60);
+        let s = u8::arbitrary(g).rem_euclid(60);
+        let time = Time::from_hms(h, m, s).unwrap();
+
+        let t = PrimitiveDateTime::new(date, time);
+        ASN1Block::UTCTime(0, t)
     }
 
-    fn arb_time<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        loop {
-            let y = g.gen_range::<i32>(0, 10000);
-            let m = g.gen_range::<u32>(1, 13);
-            let d = g.gen_range::<u32>(1, 32);
-            match Utc.ymd_opt(y, m, d) {
-                LocalResult::None => {}
-                LocalResult::Single(d) => {
-                    let h = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 24);
-                    let m = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 60);
-                    let s = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 60);
-                    let n = g.gen_range::<u32>(0, 1000000000);
-                    let t = d.and_hms_nano(h, m, s, n);
-                    return ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(0, t);
-                }
-                LocalResult::Ambiguous(_, _) => {}
-            }
-        }
+    fn arb_time(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let min = Date::from_calendar_date(0, Month::January, 01)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_julian_day();
+        let max = Date::from_calendar_date(9999, Month::December, 31)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_julian_day();
+        let date =
+            Date::from_julian_day(i32::arbitrary(g).rem_euclid(max - min + 1) + min).unwrap();
+
+        let time = Time::arbitrary(g);
+
+        let t = PrimitiveDateTime::new(date, time);
+        ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(0, t)
     }
 
-    fn arb_explicit<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_explicit(g: &mut Gen, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let mut class = ASN1Class::arbitrary(g);
         if class == ASN1Class::Universal {
             // Universal is invalid for an explicitly tagged block
@@ -1316,17 +1343,28 @@ mod tests {
         ASN1Block::Explicit(class, 0, tag.x, Box::new(item))
     }
 
-    fn arb_unknown<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+    fn arb_unknown(g: &mut Gen, _d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
         let class = ASN1Class::arbitrary(g);
-        let tag = RandomUint::arbitrary(g);
-        let size = g.gen_range::<usize>(0, 128);
-        let items = g.sample_iter::<u8, _>(&Standard).take(size).collect();
+        let tag = loop {
+            let potential = RandomUint::arbitrary(g);
+            match potential.x.to_u8() {
+                None => break potential,
+                Some(x) if KNOWN_TAGS.contains(&x) => {}
+                Some(_) => break potential,
+            }
+        };
+        let size = usize::arbitrary(g) % 128;
+        let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+
+        while items.len() < size {
+            items.push(u8::arbitrary(g));
+        }
 
         ASN1Block::Unknown(class, false, 0, tag.x, items)
     }
 
-    fn limited_arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
-        let mut possibles: Vec<ASN1BlockGen<G>> = vec![
+    fn limited_arbitrary(g: &mut Gen, d: usize) -> ASN1Block {
+        let mut possibles: Vec<ASN1BlockGen> = vec![
             arb_boolean,
             arb_integer,
             arb_bitstr,
@@ -1357,7 +1395,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     impl Arbitrary for ASN1Block {
-        fn arbitrary<G: Gen>(g: &mut G) -> ASN1Block {
+        fn arbitrary(g: &mut Gen) -> ASN1Block {
             limited_arbitrary(g, 2)
         }
     }
@@ -1397,23 +1435,43 @@ mod tests {
         Ok(vec![ASN1Block::Integer(0, val)])
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn utc_time_tests() {
+        // Check for a regression against issue #27, in which this would
+        // cause a panic.
+        let input = [
+            55, 13, 13, 133, 13, 13, 50, 13, 13, 133, 13, 13, 50, 13, 133,
+        ];
+        let output = from_der(&input);
+        assert!(output.is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn generalized_time_tests() {
         check_spec(
-            &Utc.ymd(1992, 5, 21).and_hms(0, 0, 0),
+            &PrimitiveDateTime::new(
+                Date::from_calendar_date(1992, Month::May, 21).unwrap(),
+                Time::from_hms(0, 0, 0).unwrap(),
+            ),
             "19920521000000Z".to_string(),
         );
         check_spec(
-            &Utc.ymd(1992, 6, 22).and_hms(12, 34, 21),
+            &PrimitiveDateTime::new(
+                Date::from_calendar_date(1992, Month::June, 22).unwrap(),
+                Time::from_hms(12, 34, 21).unwrap(),
+            ),
             "19920622123421Z".to_string(),
         );
         check_spec(
-            &Utc.ymd(1992, 7, 22).and_hms_milli(13, 21, 00, 300),
+            &PrimitiveDateTime::new(
+                Date::from_calendar_date(1992, Month::July, 22).unwrap(),
+                Time::from_hms_milli(13, 21, 00, 300).unwrap(),
+            ),
             "19920722132100.3Z".to_string(),
         );
     }
 
-    fn check_spec(d: &DateTime<Utc>, s: String) {
+    fn check_spec(d: &PrimitiveDateTime, s: String) {
         let b = ASN1Block::GeneralizedTime(0, d.clone());
         match to_der(&b) {
             Err(_) => assert_eq!(format!("Broken: {}", d), s),
@@ -1539,4 +1597,23 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(raw_oid, &expected[6..(expected.len() - 4)]);
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vec_oid() {
+        let vec_u64: Vec<u64> = vec![1, 2, 840, 10045, 4, 3, 2];
+        let vec_i64: Vec<i64> = vec![1, 2, 840, 10045, 4, 3, 2];
+        let vec_usize: Vec<usize> = vec![1, 2, 840, 10045, 4, 3, 2];
+
+        let mut o = Vec::new();
+        for val in vec_u64.iter() {
+            o.push(BigUint::from(*val));
+        }
+
+        let oid = OID::new(o);
+
+        assert_eq!(Ok(vec_u64), oid.as_vec());
+        assert_eq!(Ok(vec_i64), oid.as_vec());
+        assert_eq!(Ok(vec_usize), oid.as_vec());
+        assert_eq!(Err(ASN1DecodeErr::Overflow), oid.as_vec::<u8>());
+    }
 }